Mammary gland
Mammary epithelial stem/progenitor cells form
mammosphere in the presence of EGF and FGF-2,
express scgfgene, and lose it along differentiation (48).Scgf gene is highly down- and up-regulated in CD29
hiCD24
+ mammary stem cells from ovariectomized and pregnant mice, respectively (
254).
Mammary endothelial cell line, HTB-125, also expresses
scgfgene (69). SCGF is actually secreted into colostrum(70, 394), and SCGF level in the colostrum is significantly higher than that in the paired breast milk (
394).
|
colostrum |
breast milk |
SCGF (ng/ml) |
>159.243 |
110.2572 |
Scgfgene is up-regulated in mammary fat pad cells in response to estrogen to support parenchymal cells (49).
Heart
Fetal to neonatal cardiac muscle expresses
scgf gene
(71-73).
When Notch1 signaling is inhibited in rat aortic valve interstitial cells by γ-secretase inhibitor,
scgf gene expression is down-regulated (
347).
Vascular endothelium
Vascular endothelial cells express
scgf gene
(74-76). However, neither human PB-MNCs-derived endothelial progenitor cells nor umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) secrete a detectable level of SCGF in their culture supernatants (
297). Effect of shear stress on
scgf gene expression in endothelial cells is in conflict, i.e. down-regulation (
74) or no effect (
301). Primary HUVECs can be infected
in vitro with human enterovirus-94 to secrete SCGF at the level of pg/ml (
273). SCGF is secreted by PMA-stimulated HUVECs (
413).
SCGF is an antagonist of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), i.e. inhibits selectin-PSGL-1-mediated U937 cell adhesion to EA.hy926 endothelial cells and breast cancer MCF7 or MDA-MB231 cell adhesion to culture plate (
Pat32).
Lung
Scgf gene is expressed in ciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells but not in alveolar cells from mouse lung tissues at E18.5 (
459). IL-1β-activation up-regulates SCGF production by human fibroblasts from lung (
479). SCGF level in the
ex vivo perfusate of donor lung prior to transplantation can be a good predicting marker to discriminate graft declined from that without primary graft dysfunction grade 3, i.e. significantly higher in the former than the latter (
484).
Knockout of
mdig (mineral dust-induced gene) up-regulates repressive H3K9me3, H3K27me3 and H4K20me3 in human BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells, leading to 10-fold down-regulation of
scgf gene expression (
613).
Liver and Pancreas
Within the liver,
scgf gene is expressed in hepatocytes (
77) and hepatic stellate cells (
78,
79). Hepatic stellate cells
are located between hepatocytes and sinus endothelial cells in the space of DissÉ, and estimated a common progenitor
of hepatic and endothelial progenitor cells.
Scgf gene is down-regulated, although not a target for rno-miR-146a, in rat hepatic stellate cells transfected with rno-miR-146a. The rno-miR-146a is down-regulated in rat hepatic stellate cells once they are activatedto be myofibroblast-like (
329). Lhx2 overexpression does not affect
scgf gene expression in mouse hepatic stellate cells (
475).
Scgf gene is expressed in human pancreatic tissue (
460). Human pancreatic islet-derived endothelial cells secrete detectable amount of SCGF in the culture supernatants (
538). Rat pancreatic stellate cells express stem cell marker genes including
scgf like umbilical cord blood stem cells, and differentiate into transplantable hepatocytes in the presence of HGF and FGF4 (
398).
